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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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1.8 


1.25  ill  1.4    111  1.6 


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PhotDgrB[)hic 

Sciences 
Ccffporation 


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0 
D 

n 
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a 


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10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

7 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


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1  ibrary  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Cot-jmbia 

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Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia 

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filmage. 

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papier  est  imprimAe  sont  filmAs  en  commengant 
par  le  premier  plat  at  an  terminant  soit  par  la 
darniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autras  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmAs  en  commen^ant  par  la 
premiAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  darniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
darniAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ^  signifie  "A  SUiVRE ',  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmAs  A  des  taux  de  rAduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  il  est  filmA  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'imagas  nAcessaire.  Las  diagrammas  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

The  Kootenai 

Country, 

FORT  STEELE, 

LIBBY  CREEK, 

YAKT,  ROSSLAND,  NELSON, 

KASLO, 

SLOGAN. 

MONTANA, 

IDAHO, 

BRITISH  COLUMBIA. 


REACHED  BY 


FROM   THE 


EAST  AND  WEST. 


RAND,  MONALLV  A  Co.;  PmNTEW,  CHICASO. 


« ml 


THE  KOOTENA 

The  Kootjnai 

^  ^^ . . „ — „ 

Mining  Country... 


a 


~  As  is  the  case  with  most  T  idian  names,  the 

1  nc  Word,     ^vorcl  KooteiKii  has  a  variety  of  ways  of  being 
spelled.      The  first  maj)  of  British  Columbia 


had  it  Cootoonay.  Later  it  appeared  as  Kootenaie.  Now  the 
Canadians  spell  it  Kootenay.  On  the  American  side  preference 
is  given  to  Kootenai.  In  all  cases  there  is  little  or  no  differ- 
ence in  the  pronunciation,  the  accent  being  given  to  the  first 
and  last  syllables,  the  "  i  "  in  the  American  word  being  silent. 
An  easy  way  to  settle  the  difference  would  be  to  spell  it  as  it  is 
pronoimced — Kootna. 

There  are  two  Kootenai  districts,  one  in  British 

Different  Columbia,  the  other  in  ^lontana  and  Idaho. 

Districts.       Both  are  easj^  of  access  by  the  transcontinental 

line  of  the  Great  Northern  Railway  from  St. 

Paul  and  Minneapolis  to  Spokane  and  Puget  Sound.  The 
British  Columbia  district  is  .separated  into  two  divisions  by 
a  series  of  high  mountain  ranges.  The  eastern  division  is 
'•eaclied  from  Jennings,  Mont.,  by  boat,  and  Kalispell,  Mont., 
by  stage,  and  the  western  one  froTn  Bonner's  Ferry,  Idaho, 
by  boat,  and  Spokane,  Washington,  by  rail. 


This  region  is  central  between  the  rich  mines 


The  American   of  the  CcKur  d'Alene  to  the  south  and  Kaslo- 
KoOtenal.        Slocan,   Lardo-Duncan,  Ainsworth,  and  Nel- 

— — ■ son  mines  to  the  north.    It  covers  the  territory 

between  Jennings,  Mont.,  and  Bonner's  Ferry,  Idaho.  The 
Kootenai  River  runs  west  between  these  two  points,  and  is 
followed  sixty-two  miles  by  the  Great  Northern  Railway,  en 
route  passing  through  the  stations  of  Libby  Creek,  Kootenai 
Falls,  Troy.  Yakt,  Leonia,  Katka,  and  Crossport. 


■  The  jirincipal  mineral  developments  of  the 

Libby  Creek.     American  Kootenai  are   along   Libby   Creek 
and  its  tributaries  south  of  the  town  of  Libby, 


and  along  Boulder  Creek  below  Leonia,  although  all  of  the 
streams  emptying  into  the  Kootenai  from  both  north  and 
south  show  color,  jjlacer  gold  having  been  taken  from  nearly 
all  of  them.  The  Libby  region  is  divided  into  two  sei^irate 
mineral  belts,  known  respectively  as  the  Great  Contact  Belt 
and  the  Shaiighncssy  Hill  Belt.  On  the  latter  there  are 
hundreds  of  tons  of  ore  on  the  dumps  that  will  average  from 
50  to  200  ounces  per  ton  in  silver,  and  from  $5  to  $50  in  gold. 


> 
I 


t\\ 


. 


THE  Kootenai 


with  a  high  percentage  of  lead.  There  are  no  less  than 
twelve  distinct  r:amps  tributary  to  Libby,  locally  known  by 
the  stream  on  which  they  are  located.  West  of  Lil)by  is  the 
(iroiise  Mountain  di;-trict,  and  cast  of  it  the  Fisher  Creek 
district,  where  tlie  iirst  openings  are  made  on  the  great 
Cabinet  Mountain  contact.  A  twenty-ton  concentrator  is 
locatcil  a  few  miles  south  of  Libby. 

Kootcirui  Falls,  as  a  town,  exists  only  in  name,  but  there  is 
an  enormous  and  eligible  water  power. 

Troy,  a  division  point  on  the  road,  has  three  miles  of  side 
tracks,  a  round-house,  and  otlicr  improvements,  business 
houses,  hotels,  and  contains  al)out  200  people.  Good  claims 
have  been  located  in  the  mountains  around  Troy. 


Vakt    Station    is    on   the   south   side   of    the 

Yakt  River.    Kootenai  River,  opposite  the   mouth  of  the 

Yakt.     Tlie   latter   is   a  swift  stream,  and   in 


times  of  flood  its  ourrent  cuts  its  way  clear  across  to  the  other 
shore  of  the  greater  river.  The  Yakt  tlows  from  the  north, 
and  along  its  banks  rich  placer  beds  have  been  discovered  in 
the  last  year  or  two.  As  high  as  an  ounce  of  gold  has  been 
cleaned  up  in  a  day  with  a  single  cradle.  The  presence  of  so 
much  gold  in  the  stream  indicates  quartz  deposits,  which 
duringthe  ages  have  disintegrated  and  the  precious  dust  washed 
to  the  lower  levels.  Several  of  these  gold-bearing  quartz 
ledges  have  been  located.  The  Keystone  mine  has  a  ten-stamp 
mill  at  work  on  free  milling  rock  and  cleans  iip  a!{;3,5oo  gold 
brick  weekly.  A  i8o-acre  hydraulic  plant  goes  in  this  year. 
It  is  predicted  by  those  familiar  with  tlie  country  that  there  is 
a  most  promising  future  to  tlie  Yakt  district,  as  well  as  to  the 
Moyie  River  territory  directly  west,  the  I\[oyie  being  the  larger 
river,  with  headwaters  up  in  the  Fort  Steele  country. 


Vnv  many  years  Bonner's  l-'erry  was  a  wcU- 
Bonner'S  known  frontier  trading-post.  It  has  only  come 
Ferry,  into  prominence  since  the  completion  of  the 
■  Crcat  Northern  Railway,  which  gives  it  con- 
nection east  and  west.  The  population  is  over  Soo.  It  is  at 
the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Lower  Kootenai,  and  has  steamer 
connections  with  me  lake  towns.  The  valley  north  to  the  lake 
has  a  width  of  from  one  to  five  miles.  The  country  on  each 
side  of  the  river  contains  mineral. 


This  is  about  twcntj'^-five    miles    down    the 

International      Kootemii  from  Honner's  I'erry.     A  town  was 

Boundary,   recently  laid  out  on  the  American  side  by  the 

name  of  Port  Hill,  not  far  from  the  custom 


houses.    Across  the  boundary  the  Alberta  and  British  Colum- 
bia Exploration  Company,  of    Londim,  is  dyking  inundated 


THE  Kootenai 

land.  The  company  has  bcL-n  at  work  for  the  last  four  years 
and  expended  a  large  amount  of  money.  It  is  expected  that 
10,000  acres  vill  be  ready  for  occupancy  by  the  summer  of 
1S97.  The  soil  is  exceedingly  rich  and  produces  leading  staple 
crops.  The  Port  Hill  mining  district  is  east,  the  Priest  Lake 
district  is  eighteen  miles  west,  the  Goat  River  and  Sutler  dis- 
tricts are  northwest.  During  iSyf)  assessment  work  was  done 
on  183  claims  in  the  Goat  River  district.  The  ore  is  rich  in 
gold,  silver,  copper,  and  lead.  The  Wisconsin  mine  on  Duck 
Creek  is  working  on  a  four-foot  vein  of  copper-silver  ore, 
resembling  the  Silver  King  of  Nelson. 


This    fine  body  of  water  is  surrounded  by 
f  riCSt  Lake,    splendid  forests  and  hills,  veined  with  silver, 

copper,  and  lead.     Color  of  gold,  too,  has  been 

found  in  the  streams  running  to  the  lake.  Its  outlet  empties 
into  the  Pend  d'Oreille,  near  the  station  known  as  Priest  River, 
on  tlie  Great  Northern  Railway.  It  is  a  coimtry  offering 
inducements  to  miners,  lumbermen,  and  settlers. 

Right  on  the  boundary  line  between  the  States 
Newport.      of   Idaho  and  Washington,  and  overlooking 

■ ■ — -  the  Pend  d'Oreille  River,  is  located  the  j^retty 

little  town  of  Newport,  fifty  miles  east  of  Spokane.  Near  by  are 
Albani  Falls,  across  which  the  Great  Northern  Railway  bridge 
extends  and  ofi^ers  from  the  car  windows  a  view  as  surprising 
as  it  is  grand.  The  chief  pursuit  of  the  people  of  Newport,  at 
present,  is  mining,  though  th'^re  are  some  fifty  well-tilled  and 
profitable  farms  surrounding  the  town.  Forty  or  more  pros- 
pectively paying  mines  have  been  located.  The  river  is 
navigable  eighty  miles  to  Box  Canyon,  and  a  good  many 
ranchers  are  located  along  its  banks.  The  Metaline  gold 
placer  district  is  just  north  of  Box  Canyon.  The  advantage 
of  Newport  is  that  it  has  water  power,  timber,  minerals, 
agricultural  lands,  rail  facilities,  and  nearness  to  markets.  It 
seems  destined  to  become  a  point  of  importance. 


i      r 


...Eastern  Kootenai... 


Fort    Steele    is    located    at    the    confluence 
Fort  Steele,    of  St.    Mary's  River  and  Wild  Horse  Creek 

with  the   Kootenai   River  in  Eastern  British 

Columbia,  about  140  miles  north  of  Jennings,  Mont.  During 
the  season  of  navigation,  steamers  ply  between  the  two 
places.  Last  year  three  boats  were  engaged  in  carrying 
ore,  and  1897  will  see  five  or  six  busy  in  that  tralfic.    There 


'^1 


THE  Kootenai 


i 


is  also  stage  and  wagon  connection  from  Kalispell,  Mont.  The 
history  of  Fort  Steele  goes  back  into  the  sixties,  when  the  rich 
places  along  Wild  E  -^-se  Creek  and  other  streams  brought  iu 
several  thousand  miners,  Avho  washed  out  in  a  couple  of  years 
five  or  six  millions  of  dollars'  worth  of  yellow  dust.  The  town, 
now  containing  200  people,  has  its  name  from  Major  Steele  of 
the  Canadian  mounted  police,  who  established  barracks  there. 
After  the  raid  of  1864,  when  Wild  Horse  Creek  gave  up  its 
treasures,  the  country  was  but  little  prospected  unLd  within 
the  last  few  years,  when  deposits  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  iron, 
and  lead  were  found  in  many  localities,  as  well  as  coal  and 
petroleum.  Large  veins  of  coal  crop  out  of  the  hills  along 
Elk  River,  and  petroleum  is  found  floating  on  springs  and 
streams  in  Tobacco  Plains.  Coal  veins  exposed  in  the  hillsides 
along  Elk  River  and  tributaries  have  been  traced  for  niany 
miles,  one  veui  al)()ve  another,  from  six  to  twenty  feet  each  in 
thickness,  aggregating  a  total  of  over  150  feet  of  coal  of  excel- 
lent quality  in  sight.  This  field  is  just  over  the  boundary 
north  of  Kalispell.  Large  deposits  of  copper  are  located  in 
this  same  region.  The  chief  scenes  of  activity  in  gold  mining 
are  along  Wild  Horse  Creek,  east,  and  Perry  Creek  and  tribu- 
taries west  of  Fort  Steele.  Several  hundred  men  are  at  work 
in  placers  and  in  quartz  shafts,  tunnels,  and  cross  cuts.  The 
ore  is  free  milling,  and  assays  from  $0  to  $15  per  ton.  A  town 
named  Johanesburg  has  been  located  eigiiteen  miles  west,  and 
the  outlook  is  favorable  10  ti  repetition  of  a  Rossland  growth. 
Rich  discoveries  of  silver  lead  ore  have  been  made  along  Moyic 
lake  and  river. 


J 


it 


in 


I 


As  already  intimated,  the   British  Columbia 

E.vamine  the      Kootenai  -egion  is  separated  by  high  moun- 

Map.  tain  barriers.      Whab  we    term  the  western 

section  contains  Kootenai,  Slocan,  and  Arrow 


lakes,  and  the  Columbia  Basin,  in  which  Trail  and  Rossland 
are  located.     The  map  shown  herewith,  made  jroni  the  latest 


surveys,  will  give  readers  a  general  idea  of  the  situation  of  the 
dozen  t)r  moFc"well-defined  districts,  ea'ch  of  which  has  its  sub- 
divisions, names,  minerals  of  different  grades  and  coml^ina- 
tions,  peculiarities,  etc.  The  Spokane  Falls  &  Northern 
Railwav  gives  access  to  Rossland  in  eight  hours,  and  Nelson 
in  ten  hours,  from  Spokane,  at  which  place  connection  is  made 
with  the  Great  Northern  Railway. 

The  map  shown  in  this  folder  includes  the  entire  Kootenai 
District,  besides  portions  of  Yale,  Lillooet,  aritl  Cariboo,  three 
others  of  the  six  districts  into  which  Biitish  Columbia  is 
divided.  Up  to  1868  the  territory  of  British  Columbia  was 
held  under  lease  ixuva  England  \.o  the  Hudsjn  Bay  Comjiany. 
In  that  year  the  discovery  of  gold  on  the  Fraser  River  resulted 
in  a  rush  of  settlers,  and  the  country  was  organized  as  an 

4 


THE  Kootenai 


English  Colony.  It  has  an  area  of  383,000  square  miles  and  a 
population  of  97,612  by  the  census  of  JS91.  Since  then  it  has 
increased  12,000  or  more,  mostly  in  the  cast.  The  gold  output 
is  estimated  to  be  over  $60, o(jo,ooo  since  the  Frascr  discovery. 
The  whole  country  is  extremely  mountainous  and,  besides  its 
mineral  wealth,  has  extensive  lumbering  and  fishing  interests. 


Rossland 
and  Trail. 


The  now  famous  Trail  and  Rossland  Division 
is  west  of  the  Columbia  River.  Many  years 
ago  the  old  Hudson  Bay  trail  to  the   coast 

crossed  the   Columbia   River  about  a  dozen 

miles  north  of  the  international  boundary  and  followed  a 
stream  now  known  as  Trail  Creek.  The  trappers  and  hunt- 
ers who  frequented  this  route  were  not  looking  for  gold,  and 
for  years  their  moccasined  feet  patiently  trod  ground  that  is 
almost  unpurchasable  to-day.  Seven  miles  up  the  creek  is 
Red  Mountain,  and  there,  in  1890,  the  first  claims  were  staked. 
For  one  reason  or  another  they  attracted  no  general  atten- 
tion until  the  autumn  of  1S94.  The  first  mines  opened  were 
Le  Roi  and  War  Eagle,  which,  to  date,  have  paid  nearly  a 
half  million  dollars  in  dividends.  There  are  now  twenty-five 
or  more  mines  shipping  ore.  The  whole  ground  immediately 
arcund  Rossland  is  staked  off  into  claims,  and  a  list  of  their 
names  would  fill  pages  of  this  folder.  The  town  of  Rossland 
has  over  5,000  population,  the  growth  of  the  last  twenty 
months,  a  magjc  transforming  of  a  rugged  mountain  wilder- 
ness into  a  scene  of  bustling  activity.  Every  form  of  business 
is  represented.  There  are  two  banks,  waterworks,  electric 
lights,  two  daily  and  several  weekly  papers,  churches,  schools, 
etc.,  and  life  and  property  are  as  safe  as  in  any  eastern  com- 
munity. A  trip  along  any  of  the  trails  radiating  from  the 
town  reveals  many  a  lively  scene.  The  woods  are  alive  with 
men  cutting  timber,  grading  railways,  tunneling  mines,  blast- 
ing rocks,  and  teaming  freight.  Red  Mountain,  with  its  numer- 
ous buildings  and  engine  houses,  presents  an  animated 
picture,  especially  at  night,  when  the  great  hillside  is  illu- 
minated to  enable  the  men  to  carry  on  their  work.  Not  only 
are  the  principal  mines  being  developed  with  energy,  but 
new  claims  are  being  exploited  in  every  part  of  the  camp, 
which  extends  miles  in  various  directions.  It  would  require 
all  of  our  space  to  mention  in  detail  the  claims  upon  which 
from  $500  to  $3,000  have  been  expended. 

There  are  several  varieties  of  ores  at  Rossland.  During 
the  last  nine  months  of  1896  the  average  value  of  17,000  tons 
of  ores  shipped  was  $43.15  per  ton  — divided,  $37.35  gold, 
$4.50  copper,  and  $2.30  silver. 

The  Rossland  mines  were  opened  by  American  miners  and 
capital,  but  a  large  amount  of  English  and  Canadian  money 
has  been  invested  in  the  last  year  or  two,  not  only  in 
Rossland,  but  in  outlying  districts,  the  development  of  which, 

6 


^' 


THE  Kootenai 

in  connection  with  now  mines,  now  towns,  new  railways,  new 
smelters,  and  new  projects,  means  prosperity  in  that  section 
for  a  long  time  to  come.  Men  and  money  are  needed  in  every 
direction  and  for  all  kinds  of  enterprises.  Miners  are  agreed 
that  the  outlook  at  Rossland  is  better  than  it  was  orijj;inally 
at  Butte,  Leadville,  or  Cripple  Creek.  By  looking  at  the  map 
it  will  be  seen  that  the  territory  is  just  north  of  the  boundary 
line,  and,  while  the  chief  scene  of  activity  is  at  Rossland, 
discoveries  of  jj^ood  property  are  beinj^  made  in  the  country 
east  and  west  along  the  line,  both  in  Washington  and  British 
Columbia. 

Trail  is  located  on  the  Columbia  River,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
creek  of  the  same  name,  and  becanv;  a  town  of  a  couple  of 
thousand  people  in  two  years.  It  is  about  eleven  miles  from 
Rossland  by  the  Columbia  and  Western  Railway.  Lookout 
Mountain  bears  the  same  relation  to  Trail  that  Red  Mountain 
does  to  Rossland.  Trail  has  a  smelter  owned  by  F.  A.  Ileinze 
of  Butte,  Mont.,  who  also  built  the  railway.  Tt  has  steamer 
connection  with  Northport. 

The  founder  of  the  town  of  Trail  was  E.  S.  Topping,  who 
located  on  Trail  Creek  in  1890,  and  opened  a  small  store.  The 
same  year  two  Frenchmen,  while  prospecting  on  Red  ^lountain, 
discovered  a  large  body  f)f  suli)hide  ore,  but  the  assays  only 
showed  a  value  of  $10  to  the  ton,  and  they  were  about  to 
abandon  the  locality  when  !Mr.  Topping  urged  them  to  try 
again.  They  then  staked  out  five  claims  and  offered  him  one 
of  them  if  he  would  pay  the  recording  fees.  He  did  so,  and 
selected  the  Le  Roi,  so  named  from  one  of  the  locators.  This 
was  the  beginning  of  Rossland.  !Mr.  Topping  did  not  realize 
the  value  of  his  property  and  ])arted  with  it  in  a  trade.  The 
Le  Roi  is  now  valued  at  §5,000,000.  Rossland  has  its  name 
from  Ross  Thompson,  one  of  the  first  settlers. 

The  discovery  of  the  Silver  King  mine   on 
Nelson.  Toad  Mountain  in  1886,  near  what  is  now  the 

— —  town  of  Nelson,  is  the  date  line  in  the  modern 

era  of  the  Kootenai.  Following  this  rich  find,  there  was  a  rush 
of  miners  whose  picks  displaced  the  treasure  boxes  of  the 
Slocan,  the  secrets  of  Kaslo  and  Lardo,  and,  later,  the  wonders 
of  Trail  and  Rossland.  The  pioneer  Silver  King  was  sold  in 
1893  for  $1,000,000  to  an  English  syndicate.  It  and  the 
other  mines  about  Nelson  contain  copper-silver  ore,  carrying 
from  $50  to  $150  ounces  silver,  and  10  to  15  per  cent  copper  to 
the  ton.  Nelson  has  a  smelter,  and  is  a  customs  seat.  It  has 
direct  rail  connection  with  Spokane  and  the  Great  Northern 
Railway. 


Kootenai  Lake 


The  first  point  on  Kootenai  Lake  reached  by 
steamer  from  Nelson  is  Balfour,  and  then 
~ Pilot  Bay,  at  which  point  there  is  a  con- 
centrating and   smelting    plant,   costing  $200,000,  having  a 

6 


THE  Kootenai 

daily  capacity  of  about  seventy-five  tons  of  ore.  Directly  north 
is  Ilendryx,  with  a  lar}j[e  group  of  mines  belonging  to  the 
smelter  company.  Across  the  lake  to  the  \  est  is  yVinsworth, 
one  of  the  oldest  cami)s  in  this  region.  There  are  thirty  mines 
now  in  oi)eration  taking  out  galena  —  lead-silver  —  wet  ore. 
vSilver  is  also  combined  with  iron,  forming  dry  ore,  needed  in 
the  smelting  of  galena.  Kaslo  is  north  of  Ainswortli,  on  the 
same  side  of  the  lake,  at  the  mouth  of  Kaslo  Creek,  along  which 
many  claims  are  located.  Kaslo  had  several  thousand  popula- 
tion a  year  after  it  was  located,  before  the  falling  off  in  the 
price  of  silver.  It  has  met  with  large  losses  from  fires  and 
fi(Ktds,  but  rallied  each  time.  The  Kaslo  &  Slocan  Railway  to 
Whitewater,  Sandon,  and  Cody  brings  to  its  wharves  the 
product  of  the  rich  mines  of  the  Slocan  country,  with  in'oper- 
ties  which  have  paid  from  the  grass  roots. 

Directly  north  of  the  lake  are  the  Lardo,  Argcnta,  Duncan, 
and  Trout  Lake  divisions  which  have  records  in  placer  yields. 
At  the  same  time  vast  deposits  of  galena  have  been  uncovered 
in  surrounding  territory  which  have  aroused  much  interest 
an.ong  miners.  Development  has  been  delayed  by  lack  of 
transportation  facili.ties. 

What  is  known  as  the  Slocan  Division  has  its 
The  Slocan  name  from  a  lake,  twenty  miles  long,  which 
Country,  lies  ir.  a  small  valley  between  Kootenai  Lake 
and  the  Columbia  River.  The'  valley  is  sur- 
rounded by  high  mountains,  and  the  route  by  the  railway  from 
Kaslo  is  exceedingly  ])icturcsque.  One  of  the  principal  towns 
of  Slocan  is  New  Denver,  on  the  east  shore  of  th.i  lake,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Carjienter  Creek.  Five  miles  up  the  creek,  where 
its  three  branches  join,  is  Three  Forks,  and  up  the  south  fork, 
Sandon  and  Cody.  North  of  New  Denver  is  Ro.seberry,  also 
on  the  lake,  and  at  the  south  end  of  the  lake  is  Slocan  City. 
There  are  fifty  or  sixty  mines  now  shipping  ore,  the  most  noted 
of  which  are  known  as  Slocan  Star,  Blue  Bird,  Noble  Five, 
Washington,  Good  Enough,  Ruth,  Last  Chance,  etc.,  etc.  Ore 
yields  from  $50  to  $3(X)  in  silver,  and  from  30  to  60  per  cent  in 
lead.  The  Slocan  Star  has  paid  over  $300,000  dividends. 
Miners  assert  that  Slocan  is  the  best  poor  man's  quartz  mining 
country  known,  for  the  reason  that  the  ores  pay  from  the  sur- 
face. The  principal  mines  are  at  an  elevation  of  about  C,ooo 
feet.  The  mountain  formation  is  quite  regular,  showing  that 
at  the  time  of  upheaval  there  was  no  violent  volcanic  action, 
which  accounts  for  the  continuity  of  the  ledges  in  course  upon 
the  surface,  in  addition  to  giving  the  best  of  evidence  as  to 
their  permanency  in  depth  and  regularity  in  width  as  they  go 
down,  a  fact  now  well  established  by  tunnels  and  shafts.  The 
general  character  of  the  rock  is  slate,  with  well  defined  dykes 
of  limestone,  granite,  and  porphyry,  running  parallel,  and  in 
most  cases  forming  a  contact  with  the  ore  ledges.    The  silver 


Yale 


THE  Kootenai 

varies  in  ([uantity  from  loo  to  2,000  ounces  to  the  ton,  with 
lead  runiiin^j  from  20  to  60  per  cent.  'I'ho  course  of  this  rich 
mineral  licit  is  northeast  to  southwest,  and  claims  have  been 
located  alonjjj  it  for  a  hundred  miles. 

The  followinj^  is  the  present"avcraKC  schcdvde 

WafifCS.  paid  for  experienced  help  at  the  mines:    Com- 

mon  labor,  $2.50;    men  in  outdoor  wfirk  and 

tunnelinjj;,  S3  a  day;  machine  drill  men,  $3.50  a  day;  helpers, 
$3  a  day;  blacksmiths,  $3.50  to  $4.50  a  day;  engineers,  S3. 50 
to  $4.50  a  day;  foremen,  $4  a  day.  Living  expenses  are  not 
excessive  in  the  towns.  Rej^ular  board  can  lie  had  at  S5  and 
upwards.  Roomscost  from $10  to  S31)  a  nionl'  .  Servant  girls 
get  good  wages.  Under  the  law  saloons  are  allowed  only  in 
connection  with  hotels  or  boarding  houses. 

"  Adjoining  the   Kootenai  c  luitry   is  what  is 
Yale  District.       Known  as  the  Yale  Distri.  .     The  main  devcl- 

opment  is  along  the  boundary,  j'ist  west  of 

R(jShland  A  regular  chain  oT  mining  camps  r\'  w  ■..-xist^,  begin- 
ning at  Cascade  City  on  Kettle  River,  and  extending  far 
beyond  the  Okanogan  River.  North  of  Cascade  City  is  Chris- 
tiana Lake.  The  first  town  west  is  Grand  Forks,  the  gateway 
into  a  nest  of  camps,  including  Wellington,  Greenwood,  Sum- 
mit, Providence,  Anaconda,  Skylark,  Boundary  Falls,  Smith's, 
Dead  wood.  Long  Lake,  Carson,  and  Midway.  The  land  and 
mineral  officials  of  the  district  are  located  at  the  latter  place. 
Surface  work  has  been  done  on  hundreds  of  claims,  and  old 
miners  are  sanguine  over  the  richness  of  the  entire  region. 
The  general  character  of  the  ore  is  a  sulphide,  carrying  gold, 
copper,  and  silver.  The  ore  bodies  are  capped  in  many  places 
with  iron.  The  largest  present  development  is  along  Boundary 
Creek.  The  Fairview  camp  is  adjacent  to  the  Okanogan  River, 
between  Okanogan  Lake  and  the  boundary  line,  and  west  of 
Rock  Creek  and  McKinney.  The  gold  rock  is  of  the  free  mill- 
ing variety  ccmimon  all  through  the  country  along  the  eastern 
slope  (jf  the  Cascades  south  to  Wenatchee  in  Washington, 
North  of  Okanogan  Lake  is  Lord  Aberdeen's  famous  ranch. 
The  Okanogan  Valley  is  well  adapted  to  irrigation  agriculture 
and  fruit  raising.  The  most  direct  route  into  the  country  is 
by  stage  from  Marcus  on  the  Spokane  Falls  &  Northern  Rail- 
way. It  is  thought  that  a  bran^'h  of  the  Rossland-Northport 
line  will  be  extended  to  Grand  I'orks  this  year.  South  of  the 
Yale  District  is  the  Colville  (reservation  c-prn  to  mineral  loca- 
tions) and  Okanogan  districts  in  Washington,  already  known 
to  be  rich  in  gold  and  other  minerals. 

This  includes  two    counties  in  Washington. 

Stevens  and         Stevens  is  in  the    northeast  corner   of    the 

Okano/?an«    ^tate,  and  Okanogan  is  west  extending  along 

the  eastern  slope  of  the  Cascades,  taking  in 

Lake  Chelan^  the  Methow  River,  and  the  lower  end  of  the 

8 


^ 


THE  Kootenai 


Okanogan,  of  the  Similkameen  and  other  rivers.  Capt.  Henry 
Finch  is  operating  in  the  Similkameen  River  bed  with  a  centrifu- 
gal  dredger  and  brings  up  nuggets  worth  from  5  cents  to  $20. 
He  purposes  also  to  work  the  gravel  bars  for  fine  dust.  It  is 
estimated  that  75  per  cent  of  the  gold  in  use  was  taken  from 
auriferous  gravel  deposits,  which  predominate  in  the  Pacific 
Northwest.  The  eastern  flank  of  the  Cascades  has  enormous 
low-grade  free  milling  gold  ore  be^ls  which  disintegrated 
during  the  centuries,  and  naturally,  the  drift  was  to  the 
streams.  At  Wenatchee  a  small  sle.mp  mill  is  located  against 
an  ore  vein  600  feet  thick,  the  yield  avn'aging  about  $2  a  ton. 
It  is  only  reasonable  to  assume  that  the  old  channel  beds,  bars, 
terminal  moraines,  and  terraces,  as  well  as  living  streams  of 
that  region  contain  large  quantities  of  the  yellow  metal  fro^i 
this  source.  The  color  of  gold  is  seen  in  every  handful  of 
sand  picked  up  along  the  Columbia  from  Northport  to  the 
sea.  During  1896  there  were  6,485  mineral  claims  recorded  in 
Stevens  County,  and  2,057  in  Okanogan,  but  the  latter  county 
is  expected  to  make  a  larger  record  this  year.  The  Okanogan 
country  is  reached  by  steamer  up  the  Columbia  to  Virginia 
City  from  Wenatchee  on  the  (Ireat  Northern  Railway.  The 
principal  towns  in  Okanogan  County,  which  contains  7,000 
square  miles,  are  Conconully,  Chelan,  Golden,  Loomis, 
Methow,  Oroville,  Silver,  Ophir,  and  Virginia  City.  It  is  a 
large  field  for  study  and  development  for  many  years  to  come. 

"All  the  means  of  action  lie  and  grow  everywhere  about  us." 

The  Kootenai  country  offers  rare  opportunities 

for  the  sportsman.  !Miles  and  miles  of  that 
region  is  practically  luiknown  and  imexi)lored. 
There  is  game  in  it  that  never  heard  the 
sound  of  a  gun.  There  is  no  reasonable  limit  to  the  chances 
of  sport,  for  the  mountain  ranges  run  for  hundreds  of  miles  in 
all  directions,  with  mighty  rivers  between,  and  spots  yet 
unfamiliar  to  human  feet.  In  this  wide  space  the  huntsman 
can  have  his  choice  of  birds,  bear,  and  deer,  the  lover  of 
scenery  can  enjoy  to  the  utmost,  for  the  views  are  changing 
and  varied  as  they  are  magnilicent,  and  the  fisherman  can 
have  his  own  way  in  streams  which  have  never  wet  a  line,  and 
yet  alive  with  gamy  fish.  Besides  the  sportsman  can  combine 
business  with  pleasure  by  keeping  a  lookout  for  ledges  of 
precious  metals  in  the  hillsides  or  gold  in  the  streams. 


Hunting 
and  Fishing:. 


11 


...Facts  Rival  Fiction... 

Nowhere  in  modern  life  are  there  more  facts  like  fiction, 
more  every- day  incidents  that  resemble  romance,  than  in  the 

9 


THE  Kootenai 

new  mining  camp.  A  mine  that  could  not  be  bought  for  a 
king's  ransom  to-day,  may  have  been  traded  off  for  a  week's 
board  a  few  months  before.  Shares  of  stock  in  mines  that  a 
year  ago  were  a  drug  on  the  market  at  a  few  cents,  now  sell 
for  as  many  dollars.  When  fact  is  so  much  like  fiction,  is  it 
any  wonder  that  accuracy  and  exaggeration  get  confused  and, 
combining,  make  such  a  dazzling  record  that  the  average  man 
outside  thinks  all  he  has  to  do  is  to  get  into  the  country  and 
pick  up  chunks  of  gold  and  silver  ?  No  one  should  go  into  a 
mining  camp  anywhere  with  that  idea.  Mining  is  a  very 
practical  business.  Fortunes  have  already  been  amassed,  and 
vast  sums  are  yet  to  be  made  in  tlie  Kootenai  country,  but  as 
a  rule  the  fortune  must  be  worked  for.  Rossland,  Trail, 
Nelson,  and  other  points  have  rail  facilities,  and  the  prosj^ects 
are  favorable  this  year  to  the  building  of  branch  lines  into 
various  localities  where  ore  is  already  on  the  dumps  ready 
for  shipment.  There  is  a  great  deal  of  ore  of  such  richness 
that  it  pays  well  even  wit'i  wagon  transportation  to  the  cars. 
More  than  all,  however,  there  are  low-grade  i:)ropcrties  by 
dozens  just  waiting  for  a  cheaper  process  of  extracting  the 
precious  metals  at  a  profit.  The  cheaper  process,  too,  would 
increase  the  value  of  the  richer  ores.  Rossland  is  at  present 
absorbing  public  attention,  but  it  is  merely  a  single  camp 
in  a  large  and  wonderfully  rich  mineral  country,  and  there 
are  those  who  believe  tbat,  no  matter  how  glowingly  the 
situation  may  be  painted,  the  future  development  of  wealth  in 
scores  of  towns  and  camps  yet  to  be  will  exceed  the  present 
wildest  fancies.  Not  only  will  the  hills  give  up  their  treasures 
but  in  towns  men  will  find 

"  lUisincss  with  an  income  at  its  heels." 


A  Vast  Treasure  House. 

It  is  doubtful  if  any  equal  area  in  any  other  land  contains 
the  variety  of  rich  mineral  depcjsits  already  known  to  exist  in 
theregio'  circled  by  the  Columbia  and  Kootenai  rivers.  The 
Columbia  River  rises  near  the  Kootenai  and  runs  north,  west, 
and  soutli,  and  the  Kootenai  runs  south,  west,  and  north,  and 
the  two  finally  unite.  A  peculiarity  of  the  water  systems  of  the 
Northwest  is  .akelike  widenings  in  the  rivers  between  parallel 
mountain  ranges;  for  example,  Arrow  Lakes  in  the  Columbia, 
Kootenai  Lake  in  the  Kootenai,  Okanogan  Lake  in  the 
Okanogan,  etc.  No  part  of  the  continent  is  better  suijplied 
svith  water  courses.  The  whole  region  is  extremely  mountain- 
ous, and  minerals  are  believed  to  be  in  every  mountain  and 
hill.  Tl'.e  winds,  rains,  and  frosts  of  ages  have  disintegrated 
the  gold-bearing  rock  towering  above  many  a  stream,  and  the 
-yellow  dust  found  its  way  to  the  water  levels. 


199247 


10 


Rates  to  Kootenai  Points 

...VIA  THE... 

GREAT  NORTHERN  RAILWAY, 

FROM  EASTERN  TERMINALS. 

A  (Unci  mil  line  In  now  In  (iporntlon  (the  Spokane  Falls  &  Northern  Railway) 
fnini  S|MjU;inc'  In  Kiissluiiil  and  Nilsnii,  iiiid  tliriiUKli  tlcki'tii  are  tuM  liy  tlic  (ircat 
Nnrilii  in  i:iilh\;iy  frimi  si.  Panl,  Mlniii'apnlls,  Imlulli,  iuid  WcHt  Siipi'i'lor  to  lliL'se 
poiiiiu  iinil  oilier  ('iini])H  in  tlio  Kootenai  region,  us  follows  : 

IstCliisH.    2dClnHH. 

To  liossliiiid ».|9  'M        14100 

To  Norihpori.  Nel»on,  Uiilfonr,  AliiBwortli,  llcndryx,  Kanlo, 

ItoliNon,  Tiall,  and  Sakusp 17  50  40  00 

ToSaluloh         49  5.-)  42  05 

lioiind  trip  tieki'ls  ave  sold,  (.'ood  for  i)o  days,  wlUi  transit  llinlls  of  40  days  each 
way,  at  cost  of  STo.OO  lo  Nelson.  Kaslo.  Aiiiswfirtli  and  Trail;  lit  Iiosslaiul.  $72.li0. 
Side  trip  rale  Kaslo  to  Sandon  and  return,  *4. 10.  Uetorn  can  be  made  by  diverse 
routes. 

FROM   SEATTLE.  FAIRHAVEN,  NEW  WHATCOM, 

AND    VANCOUVER 

ToIioBsland «22  95 

To  Nortliport.,  Nelson,  Ilalfoiir,  Ainsworlh,  Hendryx,  Kaslo,  Kobson,  Trail, 

and  Nakiisp 21  95 

To  Sancton 24  00 

FROM  TACOMA 

To  lIosBland    123  40 

JiJ^HllM«Bjel«oiijJiiilfoun,j'te.  -^.,.^, ..„.j,„,.,,.,.j._,,...-,„„.,_  22J0  , 

To  Sandon 24  45 

FROM   VICTORIA 

ToP.ossland 125  45 

To  Nortliport,  Nelson,  Balfour,  etc 24  4.') 

To  Sandon 26  50 

FROM   PORTLAND 

To  RosBland »24  90 

To  Nelson.  Balfour,  AInsworth,  Ilendryx,  Kaslo,  Uobson,  Trull,  and  Nakusp..  24  15 
To  Sandon 26  20 

GREAT    NORTHERN    SERVICE. 

WKST,— Tlic>  I'aellle  Coast  Limited  leaves  St.  Paul  at  1.00  p.  in.,  Minneapolis 
\:k<  p.  111.,  dally,  for  Montana  and  Idaho  Kootenai  points,  Spokane  (where  eonnee- 
lion  Is  made  for  Uriilsh  roluinlila  Kootenai),  Seattle,  and  Portland.  Palace  Sleep- 
ill);  (,'ars  Palace  liiiiiiiu  Cars  i meals  served  a  la  cartel,  Family  Tourist,  Sleepers, 
IllKli-lmck-scated  Coaches,  SniokliiK  Cars.  etc.  All  trains  from  the  ICast  and  South 
reach  St.  Paul  before  noon,  and  west -bound  passeiifjcrs  have  no  delays. 

EAST,--Thc  Overland  Train  from  Piij.'et  Sound  lo  Spokane  (eoniieetlons  for 
Rosslaiid.  Nelson,  Ka.-lo,  etc. I.  and  Idaho  and  Montana  Kootenai  points,  St.  Paul. 
and  the  Kast,  leaves  Seattle  every  evening  at  8.00  o'clock.  Leaves  Portland,  via 
O.  li.  &  N-,  at  6.30  p.  in.,  dally. 


toNNrcTioys  ,\t  spok.ane  for  kootcn  \i  poims. 

S.  F.  &  X.  trains  leave  Spokane  dally,  except  Sunday,  at  7.00  a.  m.,  arrive 
Northport  Vl.'u  p.  in.,  li-ave  Norlli|iort  for  Nelson,  1.27  p.  m,,  arriving  at  Nelson 
5.20  p.  m.;  lea\ing  Nortliport  for  liossland  dally,  except  Sunday,  l.:15  p.  m., 
arriving  at  Itossland  H,2.")  p.  in.;  returning,  leave  Nelson  0.00  a.  m.,  arriving  North- 
port  r.i.;fO  p.  111.;  leave  Ko.sslaiid  10. ;W  a.  m.;  arrive  Northport  12.15  p.  ni.,  leave 
North|iort  1.02  p.  in.,  arrive  Spokane  7  (X)  p.  ni.  Trains  will  run  through  to 
Nelson,  passengers  for  Kossland  changing  ears  at  Northport  In  both  illrcctlons; 
steamer  conni'clhuis  from  Nelson  to  Kootenai  Lake  points,  at  Kaslo,  connecting 
with  Kaslo  &  Slocan  Hallway  for  Whitewater,  Cody,  Saiule'i,  Three  Forks,  New 
T)eiiver,  and  other  points  In  the  Slocan  country.  Connections  are  tii.ide  at  Nelson 
Willi  steaiiier  for  Kooienal  Lake  ports  week  days.  Train  connects  at  .Marcus  with 
dally,  except  Sunday,  stage  for  Craiid  Forks,  B.  C,  Greenwood,  Mldwu.v,  Ana- 
cimda,  and  Falrvlew,  H.  C,  Colvllle  Reservation,  and  Kettle  River  points;  at 
»'.:ii!i;  nrt,  ■  ;<■  .pt  r'-^nday,  v-!!h  f;:-  .'  -  ;  ..I  T  :;.;;..:;(; -..^-c  :  .•  T.  ."  '•  :.!  . 
whence  the  Columhla  &  Western  Hallway  operate  double  dally  train  service  to 
Rossland,  trains  leaving  Trail  O.OO  a.  m.  and  5.00  p.  in.  For  points  north  of  Trail, 
on  Columbia  Kiver  to  IJevelstoke,  the  steamer  connection  at  Northport  Is  on 
Monday,  Wednesday,  and  Friday  from  Spokane. 


FOR   PUBLICATIONS   AND   INFORMATION 
ABOUT    RATES,  ROUTES.  ETC.. 

Apply  or  write  to  the  nearest  agent  whose  name  appears  below : 

nOSTON.  Mass.. '211  Washington  .>t W.  A.  SKW.VKD,  flenernl  Agent. 

nCFKALO,  N.y..Cor  Main  andScneen  SIs.I.  .M.  IIOUTLK,  tien'l  I'nss'r  Agt.,  N.  S.  S.Co. 

llfTTK  Molll .1.  I-..  lHWsi  IN    General  Agent. 

c'lllC..\Hli,  lll.,3-.'0  S,  Clark  St W.  M.  l.c  IWItli;,  Ueiieral  .Agent  P.iss'r  llep't. 

2','ll  S.  (lark  St (.'.  W.  PITT.-'    Traveling  P;',sseliger  .Virenl, 

•4-.'ll  S.  Clalk  St L.  W.  (.■A.MI'llKl.L.  (ieneial  Agt.  Freight  Hep't. 

CINCINN.VTI.O..  Mflh  a". I  Walniit  SIs.W.  .1.  HVlt  111.  (iili.  lai  Agent. 

I'illll  and  WiilioltSts.l';.  A.  ,IciM;s,  Tl-avellng  Passenger  Agent. 
|)i:s  MdlN'KS,  Iowa,  401  V^'alniit  'I    ...  N.  ,1.  Ll.I.lSdN,  Tiav.  Pass'r  and  Ini.  .\gent. 
4(11  Walnut,  St   ...,I,  S.  WATSllN,  Tniveliug  I'asseiiger  Agclil. 
IlKTKdir.  Mich.,  l.'i;  .leireison  Ave  . .    K.  11.  CI, AUK,  (lencrai  Agent. 

Iff  .li'irei>oii  Ave     ,,A    .1.  CASW  KLl, ,  Tiaveling  Agent. 

Dt'I.l'Tll.  Millii..r:-!  West  Su|>erloiSt..C,  II,  II A  KPKli,  Northern  Passenger  Agent, 
!:;■;  Wehl  SupeiiorSt,  „IAS,  UdiiKUT.SdN,  (ii  nl.Agt.  Freighl  Depl. 

lli:l.KN  V.  Mont C.  K.  IIPTTON.  (icneral  Agent. 

Mll.WACKKK.  Wls..:m5Pabst  llldu'  .,,.I\MI>  YdlNd  ,  den.  i -il  Agent. 

;i(liP,ibst  lU.lg  ...W.  M.  UdillXl-:.  Tiaveling  Agent. 
.M1NNK,U'( 'Lis,  Minn   ;liill  Xieollet  AveV.  I).  .lilNLS.  City  Pass'r  and  Tlclict  .\gcMt, 

:kia  Nieollel  Ave, II.  A.  kl.MllAI.L.  denenil  .Vtielit  Krelglil  liep't. 
MONTH  l:AL.(^ileli.e,i;ill  Notre  Paine  St.,  W.  ({.  McLEAN.  Traveling  Ageiil. 

Nl.W   VdllK..i;.'>  llroa.lwav K-  P-  SPK.NCKK.  Uenl  Agent  P.isvenger  Pep't. 

:i7.'illro,iilw,iy    ...L.W.  I.AKK,  (ieneial  Agent  Kreigli.  l)e|it 

IllII.MiELPlllA,  P.i.,i;S   Third  St,,     AC.  IlAliVI'Y,  lUsli  let  Passenger  Agent. 

..J.  II.  (iHACL.  (ieneial  Agent  Freight  IPep't. 

.  C.C.  MdliPdrilH,  Pistiiel  Pass'r  vgent. 

..J.  II.  .MeADdd,  lllstrici  1  reight  Atieiil. 

..A    n.  C.  DKNNISTON.  CItv  Pns«r,<f  TUI.  Agt. 

,WM,   llAUPKlt.  Oeii  1  Agl,  I'leiglil  Pepi, 
SAN  I'llxNiTSCd  Cal,,  11  Moiilgiii'vSl  W.  N.  PUICK.  fleneinl  Agent. 

11  Mo.il;iiii'yst.P.  P.  McCAUTY,  Traveling  Passenger  Agent. 
'•i:\TTI  I,    "  ,1  h    r.I"l'ioiii  SI  li,c  sTKVKNs,  (Ieneial  We^Cu  p.iss'r  Aneiu 

III  :  I'iciil   s|  I,    H     i;l;  \  V,  lien.  l:il    \errl   I'l.iu'ill   Pe|i'l 

1,1  ■  I  I  ml   ^  .  ,1     \.      \  I  ON'       I    I    ,    i   ,,        I     ,1,1    I  ,.  kcl   .\^:  i,l_ 


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CTtj^^'fi"''-'! '" — ^  >mmBBSf/ 


_pL*lns ^>    j.rAv,..  I.I 49 


•^«' 


Synopsis  of  Mining  Laws. 


British 
Columbia. 


LicENSK. — Any  person  over  eighteen  years 
of  age,  or  a  joint  stock  company,  may  become 
a  free  miner  by  paying  $5  for  a  non-transfera- 

bl'j   certiiicate,  good   for  one  year.     Persons 

working  withf)ut  a  certificate  may  be  fined  )j!25  and  costs. 

yiAKiz  Claims. — A  free  miner  may  make  a  claim  i.soox 
1,500  feet  of  quartz  kind.  But  all  angles  must  be  right  angles 
and  all  measurement  nnist  Ijc  horizontally.  Accuracy  must  be 
observed  in  marking  location  and  boundaries.  A  free  miner 
may  cut  timber  on  Crown  lands;  may  kill  game  for  his  own 
use  at  all  seasons;  may  obtain  five-acre  mill-site  upon  Crown 
lands  in  the  form  of  a  square.  A  claim  may  be  held  from 
year  to  year  by  wo!-k  being  done  to  the  value  of  fiot).  A  free 
miner  may,  on  payment  of  Spsoo,  in  lieu  of  expenditure  on 
claim,  obtain  a  Crown  grant.  (Juartz  claims  must  be  recorded 
(fee  $2.50)  within  fifteen  days,  and  placer  claims  within  three 
days  after  location,  if  within  fifteen  miles  of  a  recorder's  ofilce. 
A  day  allowed  for  each  additional  ten  miles.  Care  must  be- 
taken in  locating  and  describing  boundaries. 

Placf.r  Claims. —  Placer  claims  are  divided  into  creek  dig- 
gings, bar  diggings,  dry  diggings,  bench  diggings,  and  hill  dig- 
gings. Claims  average  about  100  feet  square.  Every  free 
miner  is  entitled  to  locate  and  record  a  placer  cl  .Im  on  each 
.separate  creek,  ravine,  or  hill,  but  not  more  tlian  t  ^-o  claims  in 
the  same  locality,  r)nly  one  of  which  shall  be  a  creek  claim. 
He  jhall  be  allowed  to  hold  any  number  of  placer  claims  by 
purchase.  A  free  miner  or  party  of  free  miners  discovering  a 
new  mine  shall  be  allowed,  viz.:  To  one  discoverer,  one  claim, 
300  feet  in  length.  To  a  party  of  two  discoverers,  two  claims, 
amounting  together  to  600  feet  in  length.  To  a  party  of  three 
discoverers,  three  claims,  amounting  together  to  800  feet  in 
length.  To  a  party  of  four  discoverers,  four  claims,  amount- 
ing together  to  1,000  feet  in  length.  And  to  each  member  of  a 
party  beyond  four  in  number,  a  claim  of  the  ordinary  size  only. 
A  creek  discovery  claim  may  extend  on  each  side  of  the  center 
oi  the  creek  as  far  as  the  summit  of  the  hill,  but  not  exceeding 
i,otx)  feet. 

Citizens  of  the  United  States,  or  persons  de- 
UnitCJ  States,    glaring   their  intention   to  become   such,   can 

explore,  locate,  and  purchase  mineral  lands  by 

complying  with  Federal  and  State  laws.     Prospectors  are  not 
required  to  take  out  a  license  or  certificate. 

yi  AKiz  Land. —  Mining  claims  upon  ledges  or  lodes  of 
precious  metals  can  be  taken  up  along  the  vein  to  the  length 
of  1,500  feet  and  3(kj  feet  each  side  of  the  middle  of  the  vein. 
To  secure  patent,  |5(X)  worth  of  work  must  be  performed  and 
$5  an  acre  paid  for  the  land— twenty  acres.  Six  months'  fail- 
ure to  do  work  forfeits  the  claim. 

Pi-ACKR  Land. —  Claims  usually  called  "  placers,"  including 
all  forms  of  deposit,  excepting  veins  of  quartz  or  other  rock  in 
place,  are  subject  to  entry  and  patent.  No  single  individual 
can  locate  more  than  twenty  acres  of  j^lacer  land,  and  no  loca- 
tion can  be  made  by  any  company,  composed  of  no  less  than 
eight  bona-fide  locators,  exceeding  160  acres.  The  price  per 
acre  of  placer  claims  is  $2.50.  Where  placers  contain  veins  or 
lodes  the  cost  per  acre  is  $5. 

Dkscrii'tion. —  It  is  important  that  locators  accurately  mark 
and  describe  their  claims.  Tn  marking,  the  locator  may  do  so 
iii'uiP>i".f"'LLLiuu  Liw^Mvirl'invc  uiieiitiiu'w'llilrtllj  llgliW  Ol'dUllHU  " 
existing  prior  to  his  discovery.  Litigation,  expense,  and 
delay  may  be  avoided  by  being  particular  in  the  matter  of 
boundaries.     Tlie  essentials  are: 


^iPWPP^wcCTWTTTnai'Ul*.  hJL  .ULLniuiu  wall  uiii  iigms  oi  cunms 
existing;"  prior  to  his  discovery.  Litigation,  expense,  and 
delay  liiay  be  avoided  by  being  particular  in  the  matter  of 
boundaries.     The  essentials  are: 

First— That  the  corners  should  be  marked  on  the  ground  by  stakes 
in  mounds  of  earth  or  rock,  or  by  marked  trees  or  other  natural  objects. 
Second— The  notice  of  location  should  describe  these  corners  so  that  they 
can  be  identified  on  tile  ground  by  the  description,  and,  in  addition,  the 
<lir«ction  and  distance  ot  one  of  the  corners  from  a  (iovernnient  corner 
or  well-known  object,  such  as  a  junction  of  roads,  trails,  or  ravines,  a 
bridge,  building  of  any  kind,  or  natural  feature,  as  rock,  etc. 

Mii.L  SiTK. — Five  acres  of  non-mineral  land  may  be  taken  up 
for  such  use,  and  application  for  lode  patent  may  include  mill 
site,  distinctly  specifying  same;  or  patent  for  mill  site  alone 
may  be  applied  for  by  person  not  owning  mine  in  connection 
therewith.     Price,  $5  per  acre. 

RiciiT  OK  Way. —  Owners  or  locators  of  mining  claims 
may  acquire  a  right  of  way  for  ingress  or  egress,  when  neces- 
sary to  properly  work  their  claim  or  claims,  over  and  across 
the  lands  or  mining  claims  of  others. 

Eminent  Donfain. — This  right  may  be  exercised  to  con- 
demn, for  public  tise,  canals,  etc.,  sujjplying  mines  with 
wal-or;  also  roatis,  tunnels,  ditches,  Humes,  pipes,  and  dumping 
places  for  working  mines;  also,  outlets  for  refuse  matter  and 
tailings  from  mines. 

Ta.xks. — Improvements  on  land,  the  fee  of  which  is  in  the 
State  or  in  the  United  States,  are  subject  to  local  taxation. 
Mining  ground,  quarries,  etc.,  of  private  ownership,  and  the 
improvements  thereon,  shall  be  assessed  at  the  jjrice  the  same 
would  sell  at  a  fair  voluntary  sale  for  cash. 

Minkr's  Lien. — All  persons  doing  work  upon  or  furnish- 
ing materials  for  mines  or  mining  claims  have  a  lien  upon  the 
same  for  the  work  done  or  material  furnished. 

Exemptions. — The  different  States  make  liberal  exemp- 
tions, which  include  dwelling  of  miner,  tools,  horses  or  mules, 
feed,  etc. 

Crimes. —  Perjury  is  punished  in  United  States  courts  by 
a  fine  not  to  exceed  $2,of)o  and  imprisonment  at  hard  labor  not 
to  excee(i,fh'-e  years,  and  in  addition,  persons  rendered  incap- 
able of  giving  testimony  in  any  court.  It  is  a  felony  to  sell  a 
salted  mine;  to  fraudulently  change  samples  or  assays  with 
intent  to  defraud ;  to  make  or  give  false  assay  or  sample  with 
intent  to^defraud;  to  rob  vein,  .sluice-box,  quart.-mill,  etc.,  or 
trespassii^  upon  mining  claim  with  intent  to  commit  a  felony. 

It  is  aimisdemeanor  to  deface,  tear  down,  or  destroy  a  post, 
monumeat,  boundary  mark,  or  location  notice;  or  without 
authoritj^to  take  water  from  any  ditch,  pipe,  reservoir,  etc., 
or  to  tin^p'fully  interfere  with  the  same. 

Co^y^bANi). — Title  to  160  acres  of  coal  land  can  be  had  by 
payinipi 20  per  acre  if  within  fifteen  miles  of  a  railway,  or  $io 
per  acre  if  beyond  that  limit.  An  association  or  company  of 
persons  can  secure  same  terms  for  320  acres  or  less,  and  in  cer- 
tain cases  6.;o  acres. 

Stone  Land. — Title  to  if)o  acres  of  land  containing  granite, 
sandstone,  etc, ,  can  be  had  at  a  cost  of  $2.50  an  acre. 

Weight  and  Value  of  Gold. 

Gold  and  silver  are  bought  and  sold  by  Troy  weight,  24  grains 
I  pennyweight,  20  pennyweights  i  ounce,  12  ounces  i  pound. 

\%hc  price  established  by  the  United  States  mint  ollicials  for 
pure  gold  is  §20.67  ]K'r  ounce.     On  this  basis,  gold  of  various 

[grades  of  fineness  has  value  by  the  ounce  as  follows: 


Gold  i,cxx)  fine  is  worth  $20.67 
Gold  yoo  line  is  worth  18.60 
Gold  800  fine  is  worth  16.53 
Gold  700  fine  is  worth  14.47 
Gold    600  fine  is  worth    12.40 


Gold  500  fine  is  worth  $10.33 
(iold  400  fine  is  worth  8.26 
(iold  300  fine  is  worth  6.20 
Gold  2ix>  fine  is  worth  4. 13 
Gold  100  fine  is  worth     2.06 


All  natural  gold,  that  is,  gold  extracted  from  rocks  or  washed 
from  the  beds  of  streams,  contains  more  or  less  silver,  plati- 
num, copper,  or  other  forms  of  alloy.  For  this  reason,  miners 
are  often  disappointed  when  they  sell,  as  they  imagine  all 
k.-'old  to  be  pure. 


^^^^•^ 


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Tiie  Km\t 


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coppehTl 


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IRON 


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OIL, 
COALV 

MONTANA, 

IDAHO, 

BRITISH  COLUMBIA. 


REACHED  BY 


FROM  THE 


EAST  AND  WEST, 


RAND,  MCNAIAY  A  CO.,  PRINTIRt,  OMIOAOOt 


